The Doctrine of Discovery: Why Africans Don’t Own Their Land

The Doctrine of Discovery, a forgotten yet impactful concept, shaped colonization and inflicted injustices on indigenous peoples in various parts of the world. The doctrine of discovery originated in Europe and was used to justify the subjugation and dispossession of native populations.

The Doctrine of Discovery granted explorers the divine right to claim and govern “discovered” lands outside Christian realms. It fueled economic exploitation, as resources were extracted for the wealth of colonial powers. Indigenous populations faced forced labor and displacement. But does this doctrine hold relevance in a world striving for justice and equality? It absolved Europeans and Westerners from any responsibility in stealing and dispossessing non-Europeans by giving the discovering nation title to that territory against all other European nations.

What is the Doctrine of Discovery?

The Doctrine of Discovery refers to a series of papal bulls and legal principles originating in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. These decrees, notably the papal bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI in the late 15th century, granted European explorers and colonizers the right to claim and govern lands they “discovered” outside of Christian jurisdictions. It essentially justified the dispossession of indigenous peoples’ lands and the assertion of European dominance over these territories. This is why you will find the Catholic Church never objected to taking land from Africans which they used to build their churches, schools and hospitals. Up to this day, most land occupied by the Catholic Church was not paid for but taken forcefully.

The Doctrine of Discovery was developed primarily by European powers during the era of exploration. Spain and Portugal, being at the forefront of overseas expansion, played a significant role in formulating and implementing this doctrine. The papal bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493, particularly the bull Inter Caetera, legitimized Spain’s claims to the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus and subsequent explorers.

The Purpose of the Doctrine of Discovery

The Doctrine of Discovery served multiple purposes. First and foremost, it provided a legal and moral framework for European powers to assert their dominance and ownership over newly discovered territories. By deeming non-Christian lands as “terra nullius” or “empty lands,” they justified the dispossession of indigenous peoples and the colonization of their lands. Additionally, the doctrine aimed to spread the influence of the Catholic Church.

Economic Impact of the Doctrine of Discovery

The economic impact of the Doctrine of Discovery cannot be overstated. European powers exploited the lands they claimed under this doctrine, extracting valuable resources and establishing lucrative trade networks. This economic exploitation was often accompanied by the displacement, enslavement, and forced labor of indigenous populations. The wealth accumulated through these colonial ventures fueled the growth of European empires and laid the foundation for the modern global economy.

Under the Doctrine of Discovery, European powers claimed ownership and control over vast territories, often rich in valuable natural resources. This led to the exploitation and extraction of resources such as minerals, timber, furs, and agricultural products. Indigenous lands were stripped of their resources, often without proper compensation or benefit to the original inhabitants. The economic exploitation of these resources contributed to the wealth and development of the colonial powers.

The Doctrine of Discovery facilitated the establishment of extensive trade networks between Europe and the newly colonized territories. European powers sought to maximize their economic gains by establishing monopolies and controlling the flow of goods. Indigenous peoples were often forced into unfavorable trade agreements, resulting in the loss of autonomy and economic self-sufficiency. The trade networks built on the foundation of the Doctrine of Discovery further enriched the colonizers while disadvantaging indigenous communities, non-European communities.

The economic impact of the Doctrine of Discovery was also manifested through forced labor practices and the displacement of indigenous populations. Many indigenous peoples were subjected to enslavement, indentured servitude, or coerced labor on plantations, mines, and other exploitative enterprises.

The forced displacement of indigenous communities from their ancestral lands disrupted their economic systems and further facilitated the economic domination of the colonial powers. The labor of indigenous peoples contributed significantly to the accumulation of wealth and the development of colonial economies.

Doctrine of Discovery in Modern Times

The question of the Doctrine of Discovery’s applicability in modern times is a matter of intense debate and concern. While the doctrine was formulated during a specific historical context and has been widely criticized, its lingering effects continue to impact indigenous peoples today. The continued assertion of land rights based on this doctrine by some governments and legal systems raises ethical and legal questions, emphasizing the need for reevaluation and redress.

Doctrine of Discovery in 21st century

In recent years, legal challenges have emerged questioning the continued application of the Doctrine of Discovery in modern legal systems. Critics argue that the doctrine was a product of its time, deeply rooted in colonialism and religious superiority and that its principles are incompatible with contemporary notions of human rights and justice. Efforts are underway to reinterpret legal frameworks and precedents to rectify historical injustices and recognize the inherent rights of indigenous peoples to their lands and resources.

Redressing Historical Injustices

Recognizing the lasting impact of the Doctrine of Discovery, there have been increasing calls for redressing historical injustices inflicted upon indigenous peoples. Efforts are being made to address land rights, resource management, reparations, and reconciliation processes. Governments, institutions, and societies are engaging in dialogue and initiatives aimed at acknowledging past wrongs, fostering cultural revitalization, and promoting socio-economic development within indigenous communities. These endeavors aim to rectify the imbalances caused by the doctrine and work towards a more equitable and inclusive future.

Doctrine of Discovery Taught In African Schools

The Doctrine of Discovery, a product of European colonial expansion, has left an indelible mark on history. Its impact on indigenous peoples’ lives, cultures, and lands cannot be overlooked. History books across Africa must teach this so that young people understand the forces that shape present events. By understanding the origins, purpose, and economic implications of this doctrine, we gain valuable insights into the historical injustices faced by indigenous communities. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, it is crucial to critically examine and challenge the remnants of the Doctrine of Discovery to foster a more inclusive and equitable future for all.